6. CompTIA A+ - Installing OS

Boot Methods:

- USB Storage (Bootable USB. PC System must have USB Booting Enable)

- CD-ROM and DVD-ROM (Common media going out of phase)

- PXE ("PIXIE") - Preboot eXecution Environment (Have OS files on a server and pc perform a remote network installation. Computer must support botting with PXE)

- NetBoot (Apple's macOS version of PXE)

- SSD/HDD (store many OS installation files if want different OS's)

- External/Hot Swappable Drive (Some External Drives can mount an ISO image (DVD-ROM IMAGE), Boot from USB)

- Internal Hard Drive (Install and boot from separate drive. Create and boot from new partition.


Types of Installations:

- Unattended Installation

Answer Windows questions in a file (unattend.xml). Pre-answered to questions so no user input required, requires a file.

No installation interruptions.

- In-place upgrade (Maintain existing apps and data)

- Clean-install (Wipe the slate clean and reinstall. Migration tool can help.)

- Image (Deploy a clone on every computer. Useful when all hardware is the same.)

- Repair Installation (Fix problems with the OS. Doesn't modify the user files.)

- Multi-boot (Run two or more operating systems from a single computer.)

- Recovery Partition (Hidden partition with installation files for backup repair.)

- Refresh/Restore (Wind 8/10 feature to clean things up. Requires a recovery partition.)


Disk Partitions

- Separates physical drives into logical pieces. Keeps data separate. Multiple partitions are not always necessary.

- Useful to have different partitions for when you have different separate OS systems.

- Formatted partitions are called volumes (Microsoft's nomenclature)


MBR Partition Style (Max Four Partitions)

- MBR ( MASTER BOOT RECORD ). Old standby, with all old limitations. Old partition format.

- Primary (Bootable Partitions. Max four primary partitions per hard disk. One of the primary can be marked as Active)

Each bootable OS on a single hard drive would have their own primary partition.

- Extended (Used for extending max number of partitions. 

One extended partition per hard disk (optional). 

Contains additional logical partitions.

 Logical partitions inside an extended partition are not bootable.


GPT Partition Style (Modern system partition style) (Max 128 Partitions)

- GPT (GUID Partition Table).

Globally Unique Identifier. A unique number used to refer to particular resource.

The latest partition format standard.

- Requires a UEFI BIOS compatible motherboard, or a BIOS compatibility mode

Can have up to 128 partitions for a single storage device.

- No need for extended partitions or logical drives


Disk Partitioning

- First step when preparing disks. Sometimes disk already partitioned but they might not always be compatible with your new OS.

- MBR style storage = 4 partitions

- GUID partition tables = 128 partitions 

- Disk partitioning can lead to data loss.


Storage Types

- Layered on top of the partition and file system (A windows thing)

- Basic Disk Storage

Available in DOS and Windows Versions.

Primary/Extended Partitions, Logical Drives.

Basic Disk Partitions can't span separate physical disks

- Dynamic Disk Storage

Available in all modern Windows versions

Span multiple disks to create a large volume

Split data across physical disks (Striping)

Duplicate data across physical disks (Mirroring). Not all Windows versions support all capabilities.


File Systems

- Before data can be written to partition, it must be formatted.

Build the foundation.

- Operating systems expect data to be written in a particular format. (FAT32 / NTFS are both popular.

- Many operating systems can read/write multiple file types: FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT, etc.


FAT

- FAT = File Allocation Table. 

One of the first PC-based file systems (circa 1980)


- FAT32 = File Allocation Table

Larger volume size (2 TB)

Max file size of 4GB


- exFAT = Extended File Allocation Table

Microsoft flash drive file system.

Files can be larger than 4GB

 

NTFS and CDFS

- NTFS = NT File System

Improvements over FAT32.

Quotas, file compression, encryption, symbolic links, large file support, security, recoverability


- CDFS = Compact Disk File System

ISO 9660 Standard.

All operating system can read the CD/DVD rom drives.


Other File Systems


LINUX

- ext3 = Third extended file system

Used in Linux OS


- ext4 = Fourth extended file system

Upgrade of ext3.

Used in Linux, Android OS


NETWORK

- NFS = Network File System

Access files across the network as if it was locally stored.

NFS clients available across many OS


MAC-OS

- HFS+/HFS Plus

Hierarchical File System (also called MAC OS Extended).

Replaced by Apple File System (APFS) in macOS High Sierra (10.13).


Swap Partition

- memory management

- frees memory by moving unused pages onto disk

- copies back to RAM when needed

- usually a fast drive or SSD


FORMATTING TYPES:


QUICK FORMAT

- Creates new file table.

- Doesnt erase data.

- Doesnt check for disk health


FULL FORMAT

- Rewrites all data to make sure its unrecoverable.

- Checks disk for issues.

- Use diskpart in windows to do full format

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